PHASES OF A SOILS INVESTIGATION
Description:
The scope of a soils investigation depends on the type, size, and importance of the structure; the client; the engineer’s familiarity with the soils at the site; and local building codes. Structures that are sensitive to settlement such as machine foundations and high-use buildings usually require a more thorough soils investigation than a foundation for a house. A client may wish to take a greater risk than normal to save money and set limits on the type and extent of the site investigation. You should be cautious about anyattempt to reduce the extent of a soils investigation below a level that is desirable for assuming acceptable risks for similar projects on or within similar ground conditions. If the geotechnical engineer is familiar with a site, he/she may undertake a very simple soils investigation to confi rm his/her experience. Some local building codes have provisions that set out the extent of a site investigation. It is mandatory that a visit be made to the proposed site.
A soils investigation has three components. The fi rst component is done prior to design. The second component is done during the design process. The third component is done during construction. The second and third components are needed for contingencies. The fi rst component is generally more extensive and is conducted in phases. These phases are as follows: Phase I. This phase is sometimes called “desk study.” It involves collection of available information such as a site plan; type, size, and importance of the structure; loading conditions; previous geotechnical reports; maps, including topographic maps, aerial photographs, still photographs, satellite imagery, and geologic maps; and newspaper clippings. An assortment of maps giving geology, contours and elevations, climate, land use, aerial photos, regional seismicity, and hydrology are available on the Internet .
Geographical information system (GIS)—an integration of software, hardware, and digital data to capture, manage, analyze and display spatial information—can be used to view, share, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. GIS data consist of discrete objects such as roads and continuous fi elds such as elevation. These are stored either as raster or vector objects. Google Earth can be used to view satellite imagery, maps, terrain, and 3D structures. You can also create project maps using Google Earth. Phase II. Preliminary reconnaissance or a site visit to provide a general picture of the topography and geology of the site. It is necessary that you take with you on the site visit all the information gathered in Phase I to compare with the current conditions of the site. Your site visit notes should include the following:
• Photographs of the site and its neighborhood.
• Access to the site for workers and equipment.
• Sketches of all fences, utility posts, driveways, walkways, drainage systems, and so on.
• Utility services that are available, such as water and electricity.
• Sketches of topography including all existing structures, cuts, fi lls, ground depression, ponds, and so on.
• The state of any existing building at the site or nearby. Your notes should include exterior and interior cracks, any noticeable tilt, type of construction (e.g., brick or framed stucco building), evidence of frost damage, molds, and any exceptional features.
• Geological features from any exposed area such as a road cut.
• Occasionally, a few boreholes may be dug to explore the site.
Phase III. Detailed soils exploration. The objectives of a detailed soils exploration are:
• To determine the geological structure, which should include the thickness, sequence, and extent of the soil strata.
• To determine the groundwater conditions.
• To obtain disturbed and undisturbed samples for laboratory tests.
• To conduct in situ tests.
Phase IV. Laboratory testing. The objectives of laboratory tests are:
• To classify the soils.
• To determine soil strength, failure stresses and strains, stress–strain response, permeability,
compactibility, and settlement parameters. Not all of these may be required for a project.