Computer Organization and Architecture
Externally visual attributes, here in computer science, mean the way a system is visible to the logic of programs (not the human eyes!). Organization of computer system is the way of practical implementation which results in realization of architectural specifications of a computer system. In more general language, Architecture of computer system can be considered as a catalog of tools available for any operator using the system, while Organization will be the way the system is structured so that all those cataloged tools can be used, and that in an efficient fashion.
This study material App lists 125 topics with detailed notes, diagrams, equations, formulas & course material, the topics are listed in 5 chapters. Computer system Architecture & Organization is part of computer science, software engineering education courses and information technology degree programs of various universities.
- Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
- Computer Organization and Architecture Structure
- Performance Measures
- Memory Locations and Operations
- Addressing Modes
- Instruction types of machine
- A Simple Machine
- Instructions mnemonics and syntax
- Assembler Directives and Commands
- Assembly and Execution of Programs
- Number System
- Integer Arithmetic
- Floating Point Arithmetic
- The IEEE Floating-Point Standard
- Hamming Code
- Functional unit of a computer
- Basic operations of computer
- Bus structure
- Performance and Metrics
- Clock Rate
- Instruction and Instruction sequencing
- Instruction Types
- Hardware – Software Interface
- RISC and CISC
- ALU
- The Arithmetic and logic Unit
- Integer Representation
- Process Fundamental concepts
- Performing Arithmatic and Logical Operations
- Complete Instruction Execution
- Multiple Bus Organization
- Hardwired control
- Nano programming
- Basic concepts of pipeline
- Role of Cache Memory in Pipeline
- Data hazards
- Handling Data hazards in Software
- Classification of data Dependent hazards
- Instruction hazards
- Conditional Branches and Branch Prediction
- Influence on Instruction Sets
- Datapath and control considerations
- Effect of Instruction Hazards
- Exception Handling
- Micro Operations
- Control of the processor
- Hardware Implimentations
- Microprogrammed Control
- Microinstruction Sequencing
- Microinstruction Execution
- TI 8800
- Types of parallel Processor systems
- Symmetric Multiprocessors
- Symmetric Multiprocessors Organization
- Multiprocessor Operating System Design Considerations
- A Mainframe SMP
- Cache Coherence and the mesi protocol
- Software and hardware Solutions for cache Coherence
- The MESI Protocol
- Multithreading and Clip Multiprocessing
- Approaches to Explicit Multithreading
- Clusters
- Operating System Design Issues in Clustering
- Cluster Computer Architecture
- Nonuniform memory Access
- NUMA Pros and Cons
- Vector Computation
- Approaches to Vector Computation
- Hardware Performance Issues
- Power Consumption
- Software Performance Issues
- Application Example:Valve Game Software
- Multicore Organization
- Booth's multiplication algorithm
- Basic concepts of memory system
- Semiconductor RAM Memories
- Static Memories
- Asynchronous DRAMs
- Synchronous DRAMs
- Structure of Larger Memories
- Memory System Cosideration
- Rambus Memory
- Read Only Memories (ROM)
- Flash Memories
- Speed, Size and Cost of Memories
- Cache memories
- Mapping Functions
- Cache performance Improvement
- Other Enhancements of Cache Memory
- Virtual memory
- Address Translation
- Translation Lookaside Buffer
- Memory management requirements
- Associative memory
- Secondary memory
- Floppy Disks
- Optical Disks
- Other Storage Devices
- Auxiliry Storage Device
- Introduction to Input/Output Devices
- Basic Concepts of I/O Devices
- Progarmmed I/O
- Interrupt - Driven I/O
- Interrupt Hardware
- Examples of interrupt I/O
- Direct Memory Access(DMA)
- Buses
- Synchronous and Asynchronous Buses
- Bus Arbitration
- Input/Output Interfaces
- Accessing I/O Devices
- Program-controlled I/O
- Interrupts
- Interrupts Hardware
- Interrupt Hardware
- Enabling and Disabling Interrupts
- Handling Multiple Devices
- Controlling Device Requests
- Use of Interrupts in Operating System
- Interface circuits
- Serial port
- Standard I/O Interface
- SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
- Bus Signal
- USB (Universal Serial Bus).
- USB Architecture
- USB Protocol
- I/O device
- Processors