Electrical Instrumentation and Measurements
AC Electricity
Actuators and Control
Instrument types and performance characteristics
Calibration of measuring sensors and instruments
Display recording and presentation of measurement data
- Introduction to AC Electricity
- Circuits with R, L, and C
- RC Filters
- AC Bridges
- Magnetic fields
- Analog meter
- Electromechanical devices
- Introduction to Basic Electrical Components
- Resistance
- Capacitance
- Inductance
- Introduction to Electronics
- Discrete amplifiers
- Operational amplifiers
- Current amplifiers
- Differential amplifiers
- Buffer amplifiers
- Nonlinear amplifiers
- Instrument amplifier
- Amplifier applications
- Digital Circuits
- Digital signals & Binary numbers
- Logic circuits
- Analog-to-digital conversion
- Circuit Considerations
- Introduction to Process control
- Process Control
- Definitions of the Elements in a Control Loop
- Process Facility Considerations
- Units and Standards
- Instrument Parameters
- Introduction to Level
- Level Formulas
- Direct level sensing
- Indirect level sensing
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to Pressure
- Basic Terms
- Pressure Measurement
- Pressure Formulas
- Manometers
- Diaphragms, capsules, and bellows
- Bourdon tubes
- Other pressure sensors
- Vacuum instruments
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to Actuators and Control
- Pressure Controllers
- Flow Control Actuators
- Power Control
- Magnetic control devices
- Motors
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to flow
- Flow Formulas of Continuity equation
- Bernoulli equation
- Flow losses
- Flow Measurement Instruments of Flow rate
- Total flow and Mass flow
- Dry particulate flow rate and Open channel flow
- Application Considerations
- Humidity
- Humidity measuring devices
- Density and Specific Gravity
- Density measuring devices
- Viscosity
- Viscosity measuring instruments
- pH Measurements, pH measuring devices and pH application considerations
- Position and Motion Sensing
- Position and motion measuring devices
- Force, Torque, and Load Cells
- Force and torque measuring devices
- Smoke and Chemical Sensors
- Sound and Light
- Sound and light measuring devices
- Sound and light application considerations
- Introduction to Signal Conditioning
- Conditioning
- Linearization
- Temperature correction
- Pneumatic Signal Conditioning
- Visual Display Conditioning
- Electrical Signal Conditioning
- Strain gauge sensors
- Capacitive sensors
- Capacitive sensors
- Magnetic sensors
- Thermocouple sensors
- Introduction to Temperature and Heat
- Temperature definition
- Heat definitions
- Thermal expansion definitions
- Temperature and Heat Formulas
- Thermal expansion
- Temperature Measuring Devices
- Thermometers
- Pressure-spring thermometers
- Resistance temperature devices
- Thermistors
- Thermocouples
- Semiconductors
- Application Considerations
- Installation, Calibration & Protection
- System Documentation
- Pipe and Identification Diagrams
- Functional Symbols
- P and ID Drawings
- Introduction to Instrument types and performance characteristics
- Active and passive instruments
- Null-type and deflection-type instruments
- Analogue and digital instruments
- Indicating instruments and instruments with a signal output
- Static characteristics of instruments
- Accuracy and inaccuracy (measurement uncertainty)
- Precision/repeatability/reproducibility
- Tolerance
- Sensitivity of measurement
- Hysteresis effects
- Dynamic characteristics of instruments
- Zero order instruments
- First order instrument
- Second order instrument
- Necessity for calibration
- Introduction to measurement
- Measurement units
- Measurement system applications
- Elements of a measurement system
- Choosing appropriate measuring instruments
- Basic Terms of Process Control
- Control Modes, ON/OFF action and Differential action
- Proportional action
- Derivative action
- Integral action
- PID action
- Implementation of Control Loops
- Introduction to Signal Transmission
- Analog Transmission of Noise considerations
- Analog Transmission of Voltage signals
- Analog Transmission of Current signals
- Analog Transmission of Signal conversion
- Analog Transmission of Thermocouples
- Analog Transmission of Resistance temperature devices
- Digital Transmission
- Smart sensors
- Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus
- Controller Design
- Controller operation
- Ladder diagrams
- Digital-to-Analog Conversion
- Pulse width modulation
- Telemetry
- Width modulation
- Frequency modulation
- Principles of calibration
- Control of calibration environment
- Calibration chain and traceability
- Calibration records
- Introduction to Digital computation and intelligent devices
- Principles of digital computation
- Intelligent devices
- Digital meters
- Analogue meters
- Cathode ray oscilloscope
- Digital storage oscilloscopes
- Introduction to Errors during the measurement process
- System disturbance due to measurement
- Measurements in electric circuits
- Errors due to environmental inputs
- Connecting leads
- Reduction of systematic errors
- Quantification of systematic errors
- Random errors
- Graphical data analysis techniques frequency distributions
- Gaussian distribution
- Standard Gaussian tables
- Standard error of the mean
- Estimation of random error in a single measurement
- Goodness of fit to a Gaussian distribution
- Aggregation of measurement system errors
- Introduction to Instrumentation/computer networks
- Serial communication lines
- Parallel data bus
- Local area networks (LANs)
- Gateways
- Digital field buses
- Communication protocols for very large systems
- Sources of measurement noise
- Techniques for reducing measurement noise
- Introduction to signal processing
- HART
- Analogue signal filtering
- Passive analogue filters
- Other analogue signal processing operations
- Signal attenuation
- Differential amplification
- Signal linearization
- Bias (zero drift) removal
- Digital signal processing
- Analogue-to-digital converters
- Digital-to-analogue (D/A) conversion
- Autocorrelation
- Introduction to signal transmission
- Electrical transmission
- Pneumatic transmission
- Fiber-optic transmission
- Optical wireless telemetry
- Radio telemetry (radio wireless transmission)
- Digital transmission protocols
- Bridge circuits
- Bridge circuits
- Resistance measurement
- Inductance measurement
- Capacitance measurement
- Current measurement
- Frequency measurement
- Phase measurement
- Introduction to Display, recording and presentation of measurement data
- Display of measurement signals
- Recording of measurement data
- Presentation of data
- Capacitive and resistive sensors
- Magnetic sensors
- Hall-effect sensors
- Piezoelectric transducers
- Strain gauges
- Piezoresistive sensors
- Optical sensors (air path)
- Optical sensors (fiber-optic)
- Ultrasonic transducers
- Nuclear sensors & Microsensors
- Reliability
- Safety systems
- Principles of temperature measurement
- Thermoelectric effect sensors (thermocouples)
- Varying resistance devices
- Semiconductor devices
- Radiation thermometers
- Thermography (thermal imaging)
- Thermal expansion methods
- Quartz thermometers
- Intelligent temperature-measuring instruments
- Pressure measurement
- Fibre-optic pressure sensors
- Bourdon tube
- Manometers
- Resonant-wire devices
- High-pressure measurement (greater than 7000 bar)
- Intelligent pressure transducers
- Flow measurement
- Volume flow rate
- Intelligent flowmeters
- Level measurement
- Pressure-measuring devices (hydrostatic systems)
- Capacitive devices
- Ultrasonic level gauge
- Radar (microwave) methods
- Radiation methods
- Mass, force and torque measurement
- Force measurement
- Torque measurement
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
- Vibration
- Shock
- Rotational displacement
- Rotational velocity
- Measurement of rotational acceleration
- Dimension measurement
- Angle measurement
- Moisture measurement
- Sound measurement
- pH measurement
- Gas sensing and analysis