Electrical Instrumentation And Process Control
AC machines are motors that convert ac electric energy to mechanical energy and generators that convert mechanical energy to ac electric energy. The two major classes of ac machines are synchronous and induction machines. The field current of synchronous machines (motors and generators) is supplied by a separate dc power source while the field current of induction machines is supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action) into the field windings.
This free study material serves to both engineering students and professionals.
AC Electricity,Basic Electrical Components,Electronics,Introduction to Process control,Level,Pressure
Actuators and Control,Flow,HumidityDensity,Viscosityand pH,Sensor,Signal Conditioning,Temperature and Heat
Documentation and Symbols,Instrument types and performance characteristics,Principles of Measurement,Process Control,Signal Transmission
Calibration of measuring sensors and instruments,Digital computation and intelligent devices,Electrical indicating and test instruments,Errors during the measurement process,Instrumentation computer networks,Measurement noise and signal processing
Displayrecording and presentation of measurement data,Measurement reliability and safety systems,Sensor technologies,Temperature measurement,Pressure measurement,Level measurement,Massforce and torque measurement,Translational motion transduce
- Introduction to AC Electricity
- Circuits with R, L, and C
- RC Filters
- AC Bridges
- Magnetic fields
- Analog meter
- Electromechanical devices
- Introduction to Basic Electrical Components
- Resistance
- Capacitance
- Inductance
- Introduction to Electronics
- Discrete amplifiers
- Operational amplifiers
- Current amplifiers
- Differential amplifiers
- Buffer amplifiers
- Nonlinear amplifiers
- Instrument amplifier
- Amplifier applications
- Digital Circuits
- Digital signals & Binary numbers
- Logic circuits
- Analog-to-digital conversion
- Circuit Considerations
- Introduction to Process control
- Process Control
- Definitions of the Elements in a Control Loop
- Process Facility Considerations
- Units and Standards
- Instrument Parameters
- Introduction to Level
- Level Formulas
- Direct level sensing
- Indirect level sensing
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to Pressure
- Basic Terms
- Pressure Measurement
- Pressure Formulas
- Manometers
- Diaphragms, capsules, and bellows
- Bourdon tubes
- Other pressure sensors
- Vacuum instruments
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to Actuators and Control
- Pressure Controllers
- Flow Control Actuators
- Power Control
- Magnetic control devices
- Motors
- Application Considerations
- Introduction to flow
- Flow Formulas of Continuity equation
- Bernoulli equation
- Flow losses
- Flow Measurement Instruments of Flow rate
- Total flow and Mass flow
- Dry particulate flow rate and Open channel flow
- Application Considerations
- Humidity
- Humidity measuring devices
- Density and Specific Gravity
- Density measuring devices
- Viscosity
- Viscosity measuring instruments
- pH Measurements, pH measuring devices and pH application considerations
- Position and Motion Sensing
- Position and motion measuring devices
- Force, Torque, and Load Cells
- Force and torque measuring devices
- Smoke and Chemical Sensors
- Sound and Light
- Sound and light measuring devices
- Sound and light application considerations
- Introduction to Signal Conditioning
- Conditioning
- Linearization
- Temperature correction
- Pneumatic Signal Conditioning
- Visual Display Conditioning
- Electrical Signal Conditioning
- Strain gauge sensors
- Capacitive sensors
- Capacitive sensors
- Magnetic sensors
- Thermocouple sensors
- Introduction to Temperature and Heat
- Temperature definition
- Heat definitions
- Thermal expansion definitions
- Temperature and Heat Formulas
- Thermal expansion
- Temperature Measuring Devices
- Thermometers
- Pressure-spring thermometers
- Resistance temperature devices
- Thermistors
- Thermocouples
- Semiconductors
- Application Considerations
- Installation, Calibration & Protection
- System Documentation
- Pipe and Identification Diagrams
- Functional Symbols
- P and ID Drawings
- Introduction to Instrument types and performance characteristics
- Active and passive instruments
- Null-type and deflection-type instruments
- Analogue and digital instruments
- Indicating instruments and instruments with a signal output
- Static characteristics of instruments
- Accuracy and inaccuracy (measurement uncertainty)
- Precision/repeatability/reproducibility
- Tolerance
- Sensitivity of measurement
- Hysteresis effects
- Dynamic characteristics of instruments
- Zero order instruments
- First order instrument
- Second order instrument
- Necessity for calibration
- Introduction to measurement
- Measurement units
- Measurement system applications
- Elements of a measurement system
- Choosing appropriate measuring instruments
- Basic Terms of Process Control
- Control Modes, ON/OFF action and Differential action
- Proportional action
- Derivative action
- Integral action
- PID action
- Implementation of Control Loops
- Digital Controllers
- Introduction to Signal Transmission
- Analog Transmission of Noise considerations
- Analog Transmission of Voltage signals
- Analog Transmission of Current signals
- Analog Transmission of Signal conversion
- Analog Transmission of Thermocouples
- Analog Transmission of Resistance temperature devices
- Digital Transmission
- Smart sensors
- Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus
- Controller Design
- Controller operation
- Ladder diagrams
- Digital-to-Analog Conversion
- Pulse width modulation
- Telemetry
- Width modulation
- Frequency modulation
- Principles of calibration
- Control of calibration environment
- Calibration chain and traceability
- Calibration records
- Introduction to Digital computation and intelligent devices
- Principles of digital computation
- Intelligent devices
- Digital meters
- Analogue meters
- Cathode ray oscilloscope
- Digital storage oscilloscopes
- Introduction to Errors during the measurement process
- System disturbance due to measurement
- Measurements in electric circuits
- Errors due to environmental inputs
- Connecting leads
- Reduction of systematic errors
- Quantification of systematic errors
- Random errors
- Graphical data analysis techniques – frequency distributions
- Gaussian distribution
- Standard Gaussian tables
- Standard error of the mean
- Estimation of random error in a single measurement
- Goodness of fit to a Gaussian distribution
- Aggregation of measurement system errors
- Introduction to Instrumentation/computer networks
- Serial communication lines
- Parallel data bus
- Local area networks (LANs)
- Gateways
- HART
- Digital field buses
- Communication protocols for very large systems
- Sources of measurement noise
- Techniques for reducing measurement noise
- Introduction to signal processing
- Analogue signal filtering
- Passive analogue filters
- Other analogue signal processing operations
- Signal attenuation
- Differential amplification
- Signal linearization
- Bias (zero drift) removal
- Digital signal processing
- Analogue-to-digital converters
- Digital-to-analogue (D/A) conversion
- Autocorrelation
- Introduction to SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
- Electrical transmission
- Pneumatic transmission
- Fiber-optic transmission
- Optical wireless telemetry
- Radio telemetry (radio wireless transmission)
- Digital transmission protocols
- Bridge circuits
- Resistance measurement
- Inductance measurement
- Capacitance measurement
- Current measurement
- Frequency measurement
- Phase measurement
- HART
- Introduction to Display, recording and presentation of measurement data
- Display of measurement signals
- Recording of measurement data
- Presentation of data
- Capacitive and resistive sensors
- Magnetic sensors
- Hall-effect sensors
- Piezoelectric transducers
- Strain gauges
- Piezoresistive sensors
- Optical sensors (air path)
- Optical sensors (fiber-optic)
- Ultrasonic transducers
- Nuclear sensors & Microsensors
- Reliability
- Safety systems
- Principles of temperature measurement
- Thermoelectric effect sensors (thermocouples)
- Varying resistance devices
- Semiconductor devices
- Radiation thermometers
- Thermography (thermal imaging)
- Thermal expansion methods
- Quartz thermometers
- Intelligent temperature-measuring instruments
- Pressure measurement
- Pressure measurement
- Fibre-optic pressure sensors
- Bourdon tube
- Manometers
- Resonant-wire devices
- High-pressure measurement (greater than 7000 bar)
- Intelligent pressure transducers
- Flow measurement
- Volume flow rate
- Intelligent flowmeters
- Level measurement
- Pressure-measuring devices (hydrostatic systems)
- Capacitive devices
- Ultrasonic level gauge
- Radar (microwave) methods
- Radiation methods
- Mass, force and torque measurement
- Force measurement
- Torque measurement
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
- Vibration
- Shock
- Rotational displacement
- Rotational velocity
- Measurement of rotational acceleration
- Dimension measurement
- Angle measurement
- Moisture measurement
- Sound measurement
- pH measurement
- Gas sensing and analysis
- Introduction of transducer
- Application of Transducer
- Classification of Transducer
- LVDT Transducer