Switchgear and Protection
Introduction to Protection System
Relays
Relay Application and Characteristics
Static relays
Circuit Breaking
Circuit Breakers
Distance Protection
Protection against Overvoltage
Protection of Transmission Line
- Functions of Protective Relaying
- Protective zones
- Primary and Backup Protection
- Concept of Backup Relaying
- Methods of Backup Protection
- Nature and Causes of Faults
- Fault Current Calculation using Symmetrical Components
- Qualities of Protective Relaying - Reliability & Selectivity and Discrimination
- Qualities of Protective Relaying - Speed and time & Sensitivity
- Qualities of Protective Relaying - Stability, Adequateness & simplicity and economy
- Classification of Protective Relays
- Terminologies used in Protective Relaying
- Instrument Transformers
- Working Principle of Current Transformers
- Construction of Wound type Current Transformers
- Construction of Bar Type Current Transformers
- Construction of potential transformers
- Comparison of Current Transformer and Power Transformer
- Errors in the Instrument Transformer - Ratio Error
- Errors in the Instrument Transformer - Phase Angle Error
- Reduction of Ratio and Phase Angle Errors
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Instrument Transformers
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Relays
- Tripping Schemes In Circuit Breaker -Relay with Make Type Contact
- Tripping Schemes In Circuit Breaker - Relay with Break type contact
- Electromagnetic Attraction Relays - Attracted Armature Type Relay
- Electromagnetic Attraction Relays - Solenoid and plunger type relay
- Operating Principle of Electromagnetic Attraction Relays
- Advantages, disadvantages and application of Electromagnetic Relays
- Directional Power Relay
- Directional Induction Type Overcurrent Relay
- Operation of Directional Induction Type Overcurrent Relay
- Directional Characteristics of Induction Type Overcurrent Relay
- Thermal Relays
- Basic Elements of a Static Relay
- Measuring element in a static Relay
- Comparison of Static and Electromagnetic Relays & Advantage of Static Relays
- Limitations & Semiconductor Devices used in Static Relays
- Static Time Current Relay
- Inverse Time-Current Relay
- Directional Static Overcurrent Relay
- Static Differential Relay
- Static Distance Relay
- Microprocessor Based Relay
- Introduction of Circuit Breakers
- Formation of an Arc
- D.C. and A.C Circuit Breaking
- Short Circuit In R- L Series Circuit - Complementary Solution
- Short Circuit in R- L Series Circuit - Particular Solution
- Short Circuit in R- L Series Circuit - Complete Solution
- Analysis of the complete solution of short circuit in RL series circuit
- Current Interruption in A.C. Circuit Breakers
- Transient Recovery Voltage
- Arc Interruption - Recovery Rate theory
- Arc Interruption - Energy balance theory
- Requirements and Basic Action of a circuit breaker
- Classification of circuit breaker
- Construction of Air blast Circuit breakers
- Working of Air blast circuit breakers - Cross Blast Type
- Working of Air blast circuit breakers - Axial Blast Type
- Compressed Air System for Air Blast Circuit Breaker
- Advantages, Disadvantages and application of Air blast circuit breakers
- Construction of Air Break Circuit Breaker
- Working and application of Air Break Circuit Breaker
- Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
- Properties of Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas
- Arc Extinction in Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas Circuit Breaker
- Construction & Working of Non-Puffer Type Sulphur Hexafluoride Breaker
- Single Pressure Puffer Type Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
- Double Pressure Type Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
- Advantages, disadvantages and application of Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
- Vacuum Circuit Breakers & Electrical Breakdown In High Vacuum
- Construction of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
- Working of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
- Advantages, Disadvantages, application and characteristics of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
- Oil Circuit Breakers
- Plain Single break oil circuit breaker
- Plain Double Break Oil Circuit Breaker
- Factors Affecting Performance of Plane Break Oil Circuit Breaker, Advantages,disadvantages and applications
- Self Generated Pressure Oil Circuit Breaker
- Cross Jet Explosion Pot
- Self Compensated Explosion Pot
- Oil Blast Explosion Pot
- Forced Blast Oil Circuit Breakers
- Operation & Maintenance of Low Oil or Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
- Construction of Low Oil or Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
- Advantages, Disadvantages & Application of Low Oil or Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
- HVDC Circuit Breaker
- Selection of Circuit Breaker
- Circuit Breaker Ratings
- Type and routine Tests
- Development, Reliability & Commissioning tests
- Short Circuit Test Layout
- Introduction, applications and advantages of Distance Relays
- Impedance Relay and its disadvantages
- Torque Equation & operating characteristics of Distance Relays
- Operating Characteristics on R-X Diagram of Distance Relays
- Directional Impedance Relay
- Use of Impedance Relay for Transmission Line Protection
- Construction and disadvantages of Reactance Relay
- Torque Equation & operating characteristics of Reactance Relays
- Construction of Admittance Relay
- Torque Equation & operating characteristics of Admittance Relays
- Definite Distance Type Impedance Relay
- Distance Time Impedance Relay
- Frequency Relay
- Protection Against Lightning
- Protection of Transmission Lines Against Direct Strokes
- Requirements of Ground Wire
- Protection of Transmission Line by Auxiliary Devices
- Protection of Electrical Apparatus Against Travelling Waves
- Surge Diverters
- Classifications and specifications of surge diverters
- Horn Gap Arrester
- Rod Gap Arrester
- Multigap Arrester
- Expulsion Type Arrester
- Valve Type Lightning Arrester
- Assemblies of Valve type Lightning Arrester
- Working of Valve Type Lightning Arrester
- Location and testing of Lightning Arresters
- Rating of Lightning arresters
- Surge absorbers
- Introduction to Transmission Protection
- Protection with overcurrent relays
- Loops with One Current Source
- Loops with Multiple Current Sources
- Distance Relay Characteristics for transmission protection
- Zoned Distance Relays
- Effect of Fault Resistance
- Introduction to Pilot Protection Systems
- Physical systems for pilot protection
- General Concepts of Pilot Communications
- Power Line Carrier Pilot Systems
- Block Schematic of Carrier Aided Protection
- Wire Pilot Systems
- Electronic Equipments of carrier aided protection
- Phase Comparison Method of Carrier Current Protection
- Advantages of Carrier Current Protection
- Introduction to Auto-reclosing
- Definitions and available features of auto reclosing
- Auto-reclosing - Medium Voltage Auto-Reclose
- Auto-reclosing - High Voltage Auto-Reclose
- Three-phase versus single-phase auto-reclose